ONLINE MAGAZINE:
LOOKING FOR ALASKA: SCREEN PLAY/ EXPLANATION
looking_for_alaska___________________________screen_play.docx | |
File Size: | 23 kb |
File Type: | docx |
LOOKING FOR ALASKA:
01_organizer.doc | |
File Size: | 652 kb |
File Type: | doc |
OPINION ESSAY:
allow_banned_books_1_1.doc | |
File Size: | 858 kb |
File Type: | doc |
HUMAN RIGHTS POSTER:
poster.docx | |
File Size: | 551 kb |
File Type: | docx |
POEM/SONG:
FIRST DAY AT SCHOOL SONG
FIRST DAY AT SCHOOL
BY: Hosai Sadiq
April is excited to go to school.
She stood on top of the highest stool.
Her smile is a shining star that sparkles bright.
April could be seen even at night.
She went and sat on the bus.
Andy called out “sit with us”, “sit with us”.
April looked out the window and saw the sun playing hide and seek with the clouds straight up into the bright blue sky, and saw Andy trying to tease the fly.
The kindergarten teacher welcomed each student happily.
Students jogged inside the classroom quickly.
During lunch time, April and Andy ate another apple, but was rather late for music time.
Students heard the chime and decided to rhyme.
April’s soft voice was like music to Andy’s ears, and he said “sing again”, “sing again”.
April was as red as a freshly new picked apple then.
On the table where the paint bottles were full,
Andy dropped a whole lot of paint on April’s shoes, “SPLAT!”
“A fine mess”, said April.
Andy decided to tell us a joke, so our group decided to convoke.
“What did the old lady say when she went to the sea, I’m shore I see the sea waving back and forth saying nothing.”
“You are the funniest person I have ever seen on Earth
maybe these are some reasons why you are worth,” said April.
(The words that rhyme are underlined in the song above)
Explanations
· Simile: April was as red as a freshly new picked apple. And April’s soft voice was like music to Andy’s ears, and he said “sing again”, “sing again”.
· Metaphor: Her smile is a shining star that sparkles bright.
April could be seen even at night.
· Hyperbole: You are the funniest person I have ever seen on Earth.
· Personification: April looked out the window and saw the sun playing hide and seek with the clouds straight up into the bright blue sky.
· Alliteration: April and Andy ate another apple.
· Onomatopoeia: SPLAT!
· Oxymoron: A fine mess.
· Pun: What did the old lady say when she went to the sea, I’m shore I see the sea waving back and forth saying nothing.
BY: Hosai Sadiq
April is excited to go to school.
She stood on top of the highest stool.
Her smile is a shining star that sparkles bright.
April could be seen even at night.
She went and sat on the bus.
Andy called out “sit with us”, “sit with us”.
April looked out the window and saw the sun playing hide and seek with the clouds straight up into the bright blue sky, and saw Andy trying to tease the fly.
The kindergarten teacher welcomed each student happily.
Students jogged inside the classroom quickly.
During lunch time, April and Andy ate another apple, but was rather late for music time.
Students heard the chime and decided to rhyme.
April’s soft voice was like music to Andy’s ears, and he said “sing again”, “sing again”.
April was as red as a freshly new picked apple then.
On the table where the paint bottles were full,
Andy dropped a whole lot of paint on April’s shoes, “SPLAT!”
“A fine mess”, said April.
Andy decided to tell us a joke, so our group decided to convoke.
“What did the old lady say when she went to the sea, I’m shore I see the sea waving back and forth saying nothing.”
“You are the funniest person I have ever seen on Earth
maybe these are some reasons why you are worth,” said April.
(The words that rhyme are underlined in the song above)
Explanations
· Simile: April was as red as a freshly new picked apple. And April’s soft voice was like music to Andy’s ears, and he said “sing again”, “sing again”.
· Metaphor: Her smile is a shining star that sparkles bright.
April could be seen even at night.
· Hyperbole: You are the funniest person I have ever seen on Earth.
· Personification: April looked out the window and saw the sun playing hide and seek with the clouds straight up into the bright blue sky.
· Alliteration: April and Andy ate another apple.
· Onomatopoeia: SPLAT!
· Oxymoron: A fine mess.
· Pun: What did the old lady say when she went to the sea, I’m shore I see the sea waving back and forth saying nothing.
REALITY SHOW:
SUMMARY PARAGRAPHS:
Child Labor
Global Issues in Context Online Collection, 2012.
Child labor is a term used by international humanitarian organizations to connote work done by persons under the age of adulthood (eighteen in many countries) that is abusive, exploitive, hazardous, or otherwise harmful to them. It is important to note, however, that in many societies it is customary for children to work in family businesses, in the home, on family or local farms, and in other ways that are perceived as benign or even beneficial to the child's development.
For over a century, global efforts have aimed to prohibit exploitative and harmful child labor. Despite these efforts, in 2008 millions of children from ages five to seventeen continued to work in factories, carpet-weaving centers, farms, fishing platforms, sweatshops, leather-tanning shops, mines, and domestic service. Many toiled in appalling conditions, performing dangerous jobs with little or no pay, sometimes suffering severe physical and emotional abuse. In the worst cases, child laborers were subjected to sexual abuse or they were recruited as soldiers in life-threatening conflict situations.
The main cause of child labor is extreme poverty that necessitates a child's contribution to his or her family's survival. Incidents of child labor are much higher in developing countries and within impoverished regions of industrial countries. Experts point out that effective policies to combat child labor must present poor families with economic opportunities that end their reliance on child labor.
Though children have worked since ancient times, the modern movement against child labor started in the Industrial Revolution in England in the late eighteenth century, in protest of the use of young children to work in mills, factories, and mines. The movement spread to other parts of Europe and the United States. In the early nineteenth century, the International Labor Organization (ILO), an agency that later became part of the United Nations (UN), took up the campaign against child labor, initially trying to secure international agreements on a minimum working age for children. In 1966 child labor was first specifically mentioned in a UN human rights treaty, the International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), which required member states to criminalize employment of children under conditions “harmful to their morals or health.”
In a major advance in the movement, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989 stipulated that “in all actions concerning children…the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration” and that children have a right to protection “from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development.” The 1989 convention drew massive international political support for children's rights. In 1992 the ILO developed the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), which became the largest global anti-child labor program, with thirty funding countries and eighty-six program countries in 2008.
In 1999, the ILO held the Convention Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor, seeking to end practices such as the trafficking or sale of children, child prostitution, and work harmful to the health of children. The convention proved to be the greatest success in the history of the organization, with more than 130 states ratifying the treaty in three and a half years.
During the 1990s, global efforts, boycotts, and the media began to draw public attention to companies that exploit children. In 2000, the UN launched a program, Global Compact, to work directly with companies to help them change policies to protect children. Some large companies, particularly in the European Union (EU) and the United States, stepped up inspection processes in overseas plants to ensure that child labor was not involved in their products. The United States and the EU also developed a so-called General System of Preferences granting trade benefits to countries that live up to certain labor standards.
Significant progress in reducing child labor worldwide was noted in the first decade of the twenty-first century. According to a 2008 ILO report, there were 218 million children engaged in child labor in 2004, with 126 million of them engaged in hazardous labor. By 2008, the number of child laborers throughout the world had decreased by about 11 percent and the number of children engaged in hazardous work had fallen by 26 percent. Progress was highest in Latin America and the Caribbean and lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where an estimated 10 percent of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS were heads of households who supported their siblings. The ILO revealed in June 2009 that in Zambia, 48 percent of children age seven to fourteen were working instead of going to school.
The developed world is not immune to child labor scandals. In Iowa, Agriprocessors slaughterhouse manager Sholom Rubashkin was charged with eighty-three misdemeanor child labor charges after a 2008 raid revealed most of the workers at the plant were minors. Prosecutors claimed that the children worked with dangerous chemicals and near high-powered machinery. Closing arguments in Rubashkin's trial began on 2 June 2010. On 27 June he was sentenced to twenty-seven years in prison.
An annual report released by the U.S. Department of Labor in December 2010 showed that forced child labor remains rampant in India. Most of the children involved work in agriculture and manufacturing. The British risk management organization Maplecroft also released its 2011 report on child labor in December. Its findings supported the Department of Labor report, noting that 215 million children around the world worked. Maplecroft ranked countries using a "Child Labor Index." Bangladesh, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Liberia, Myanmar, Somalia, Sudan, and Zimbabwe were tied for the lowest rankings.
American electronics manufacturer Apple has found itself at the center of controversy several times in recent years over possible unsafe working conditions and child labor in its Chinese manufacturing facilities. In January 2012, the New York Times published a series of articles revealing that even though Apple monitors its Chinese facilities, illegal, unethical, or unsafe conditions remain common. Apple began monitoring its Chinese suppliers in 2007. Apple's most recent report of its internal audits showed that, although child labor remained a problem, it had been curtailed significantly and was generally unintentional.
COPYRIGHT 2012 Gale, Cengage Learning
Source Citation
"Child Labor." Global Issues in Context Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Global Issues In Context. Web. 11 Feb. 2012.
Document URL
http://find.galegroup.com/gic/infomark.do?&source=gale&idigest=ac20e7c2fde4e57ad1d2ab342ff4f0f7&prodId=GIC&userGroupName=kitc10262&tabID=&docId=CP3208520021&&contentSet=GREF&version=1.0
Gale Document Number: CP3208520021
CHILD LABOUR
By: Global Issues in Context Online Collection
Child labour is the dangerous and harmful jobs being done on kids. Students around the world with low pay, and under the age of 18 (mostly in undeveloped countries). The main reason to child labour is poverty; due to kids who support their families and work at the same time (especially being an only child). In 1966, child labour was given the human rights treaty from UN (United Nations). In 1989 the convention started a political group to support children around the world. By 2008, the amount of child labour had dropped by 11%, yet many kids worked instead of going to school. Many individuals who continue child labour have been charged, due to kids working with dangerous chemicals.
Name: Hosai Sadiq
Sports and Racism
Global Issues in Context Online Collection, 2012.
Racism and anti-Semitism in sports often reflect the racism that exists in larger society. Historically, many segregated societies have segregated their sporting events. As societies began racial desegregation, their sporting teams and major sporting events became more integrated, with many of the same kinds of transitional problems that occurred with other types of racial integration.
One of the most notorious examples of racism in an international sporting event occurred in the 1936 Olympics, which were held in Berlin, Germany, in the Nazi era. German Chancellor Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) hoped that the Olympic events would display the superiority of the Aryan race—that is, he hoped that the white athletes would greatly surpass athletes of other racial or ethnic backgrounds. When black American track and field athlete Jesse Owens (1913–1980) won four gold medals, a stunned Hitler angrily left the stadium. German fans, however, received Owens well and cheered his accomplishments.
In the past half century, there has been greater racial integration in sports, but there have also been ongoing racist incidents at sporting events. In the early years of the twenty-first century, racist incidents in soccer have attracted international attention. In November 2004, black English national team players faced racial taunts from Spanish fans during a soccer game between the national teams of England and Spain. In February 2005, supporters of the Spanish soccer team Real Zaragoza hurled offensive racial insults onto the field every time Cameroonian soccer player Samuel Eto'o, who then played for Futbol Club (F.C.) Barcelona, touched the ball. Eto'o's teammates convinced him not to walk off the field.
In November 2005, fans of Italian soccer club Inter Milan subjected black F.C. Messina Peloro player Marc Zoro, a native of the Ivory Coast, to racist chants. Moro started to leave the field and broke into tears as players from both teams consoled him. The other players convinced him to continue playing. After the incident, the Italian soccer league ordered its players to observe a five minute anti-racism delay before the start of games the next week.
Following several high-profile incidents, racism in cricket has also become an issue in recent years. In December 2005, fans at a cricket test match in Australia hurled apartheid-era racial slurs at members of the South African cricket team. Indian cricket fans taunted black Australian cricketer Andrew Symonds in 2007. In 2008, a referee gave Indian cricketer Harbhajan Singh a three-day ban, which was later overturned, after he allegedly used a racial epithet against Symonds during a test match.
Controversy followed a racist incident at a Formula One auto racing event in Spain in 2008. During practice sessions, several spectators chanted racist remarks at black British driver Lewis Hamilton while dressed in black face and Afro wigs. Track officials warned the spectators not to behave in such a manner, and the Spanish racing league stated that it would not tolerate racist incidents. Formula One's governing body, the International Automobile Federation (IAF), did not feel that the Spanish officials had gone far enough to discourage racist behavior. The IAF threatened sanctions against the Spanish racing league, including the possibility of stripping Spain of its two Grand Prix races.
Anti-Semitism has plagued sports in Poland, Germany, Italy, Hungary, and Britain. Anti-Semitism at Polish soccer games had become such an issue that Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the international body governing soccer, called on the Polish league to address the issue. Anti-Semitism at soccer games in both Poland and Germany appear to be closely linked to neo-Nazism or other far right-wing movements. In February 2006, Italian soccer team A.S. Roma was forced to play in a closed, neutral stadium after fans displayed Nazi symbols during an earlier game.
Sports leagues and governing bodies have taken steps to combat racism. Football against Racism in Europe (FARE) was founded in 1999 to combat the rise of racist incidents at soccer games and in the larger community. FIFA, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), and the European Commission have endorsed FARE's efforts.
Laurent Blanc, head coach of the French national soccer team, was embroiled in a racism controversy in 2010 and 2011 when it was revealed that he had participated in a November 2010 discussion amongst coaches regarding the idea of limiting the number of black or Arab players admitted to national soccer training centers, which feed into the French professional teams. The social status of people of North African descent in France is a sensitive issue. France has been criticized for marginalizing its North African population. The French Football Federation launched an investigation into Blanc's actions, and cleared him of any impropriety. Blanc insisted his consideration of quotas was meant to address what he considered the problem of players with dual nationality being trained in France and then playing for non-French teams.
Germans were uncomfortably reminded of their country's dark history of sports and racism in June 2011 when members at a national meeting of a student dueling society in Munich voted to expel the Mannheim chapter of the society for allowing a person of Chinese descent to join. Under the rules of the society, members must be of the "German people." Though the person in question is a German citizen who has served in the German army, he was considered insufficiently German based on his parentage and "non-European facial and bodily characteristics." Germany's dueling clubs, or Burschenschaften, claim about 1,300 members in 100 chapters nationwide. Dueling as a sport was a mark of high socioeconomic status in Germany and Austria in the early twentieth century.
FIFA was beset by a racism row in the days following 16 November, when its president, Sepp Blatter, commented in television interviews that racism on the soccer pitch could be settled with a handshake and easily forgotten. Multiple players and coaches called for Blatter's resignation. Blatter had made multiple controversial statements in earlier weeks concerning homosexuals and women.
COPYRIGHT 2012 Gale, Cengage Learning
Source Citation
"Sports and Racism." Global Issues in Context Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Global Issues In Context. Web. 11 Feb. 2012.
Document URL
http://find.galegroup.com/gic/infomark.do?&source=gale&idigest=ac20e7c2fde4e57ad1d2ab342ff4f0f7&prodId=GIC&userGroupName=kitc10262&tabID=&docId=CP3208520087&&contentSet=GREF&version=1.0
Gale Document Number: CP3208520087
Sport and racism
By: Global Issues in Context Online Collection
Racism in sports occurs internationally that requires a large society. Racism in sports has started historically. Many different sports have experienced several type of racism on the field with the opposite teams during the games. On November 2005, some teams began to give a 5 minute anti-Semitism before starting a game. Anti-Semitism has been a huge problem in sports, mostly a big issue in soccer, because soccer is an international sport, where many fights also occur. Society has a big part in racism when becoming a fan of a game, due to people calling out names, and cheering for one team or an individual only. The government has included that the only way to get rid of racism in sports is to have the teams shack hands at the end of every game.
Name: Hosai Sadiq
Access to Health Care
Global Issues in Context Online Collection, 2012.
Health professionals worldwide agree that timely access to quality health care plays a key role in maintaining and improving health. Quality health care relies on a network that includes health-care institutions (hospitals, clinics, health centers), trained health-care personnel (doctors, nurses, pharmacists, paramedics, and other professionals), information systems, education systems, administrative and management structures, and financing that together add up to the health care that is delivered directly to a patient.
Access to health-care services is a key issue in every nation in the world. For a nation's population to have adequate access, a significant amount of money must be invested in health care, whether privately by the individual and his or her medical insurance, or publicly through national health programs sponsored by governments. In very poor regions of developing, or poorer nations, expenditure on health may be so low that there is not sufficient access to health care. In those cases, nongovernmental groups and United Nations (UN) agencies frequently step in to try to ease some of the desperate health needs that arise from poverty. Even in developed nations, however, people at lower socioeconomic levels may lack adequate access to health care.
The United States has the highest per-capita expenditure on health care services and the highest proportion of gross domestic product devoted to health care in the world, but it is unique among industrialized nations because it lacks a national health insurance program. Public insurance in the nation exists only for the aged, disabled, and a certain segment of the very poor under Medicare and Medicaid. A large segment of the U.S. population relies on private health insurance, which is either purchased by their employer or by themselves, directly. But many U.S. citizens are not insured. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), which tracks medical benefit statistics, estimated that in 2003 about 45 million Americans lacked health insurance and had to pay for costly medical expenses out of pocket. Germany and the Netherlands are two more industrialized nations that do not provide universal health care to their citizens.
Many industrialized nations have national health insurance systems. Most national health care plans guarantee minimal national health insurance to all citizens, though some provide insurance only to people with low incomes. Many countries that provide national health insurance allow citizens to purchase supplemental private insurance. Countries that have national health insurance plans include Australia, Japan, China, Cuba, Sweden, Russia, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Sri Lanka, Chile, Thailand, and Canada. Canada's system is acclaimed for it effectiveness in affording health care access to all, and has been successful in keeping the population healthy, though critics say the quality of health care under a national health care program is diminished. Cuba, a developing nation, adopted a national health care system in the mid–1970s with the revised Cuban constitution, which guarantees everyone the right to health care. The country's population enjoys greater health than many nations of similar or higher economic status.
While some developing nations devote considerable funding to health care, some of the world's poorest nations do not have functioning public health care systems. In the poorer nations, people living in remote rural areas are often deprived of all routine health services simply because health care facilities are too far away to serve them. Lacking sufficient numbers of trained medical personnel, many clinics in poor regions are overburdened. Inadequate public infrastructure, like decent roads and transportation, hinder the delivery of necessary supplies of medicine and make the efforts of international organizations to deliver medical assistance extremely difficult. Further, educational programs that could help people protect themselves from epidemics, or understand when they need treatment, are often lacking in developing countries. Studies have shown that even in areas that spend less on health care, education programs can raise the standards of general health.
Access to health care in developing nations could ease the burden of widespread epidemics that take a huge social, political, and human toll. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has so decimated the adult population, including the ranks of skilled health workers, in many African countries such as Malawi and South Africa that the industrialized nations have set aside billions of dollars to provide free antiretroviral drugs and to build a basic primary care infrastructure in order to administer the drugs in these countries. Such has been the lack of health workers and medical facilities in many developing regions that Western pharmaceutical firms wishing to distribute these antiretroviral drugs have had to build primary care clinics and hire or train health workers so that the free antiretroviral therapies could be provided to patients who previously had no access to primary care at all. Thus the devastating HIV/AIDS epidemic has, in some cases, had the paradoxical effect of stimulating the development of health care systems in poor regions where none had ever existed before.
The United States spends significantly more per capita on health care than any other country (more than $7,000 per year in 2006, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services), yet the United States ranks 27th in terms of life expectancy. Cuba, which spends a fraction of what the United States spends per capita on health care ($251 per year in 2006, according to the United Nations Human Development Report), ranks 28th in terms of life expectancy. Faced with this and many other indicators that its health care system was not working, the United States government tried again to craft an economical system of universal health care coverage in 2009. The administration of President Bill Clinton (1946–) had tried to push for universal health care in 1993 and 1994, but the effort failed in the face of political differences and opposition from the health care industry. President Barack Obama (1961–) declared the spiraling cost of health care in the United States a major economic problem, and took up the cause of health care reform during 2009, his first year in office.
By December 2009, both the House of Representatives and the Senate had approved versions of a health care reform bill. In order to advance the bill, the House had to approve the Senate version, which had provisions to which many Democrats in the House objected. Health care reform appeared to have reached an impasse by January 2010. However, Obama pushed Democratic Congressional leaders to compromise and made a series of public appearances in February and March 2010 in an effort to revive flagging public support for health care reform. After strenuous negotiation among House Democrats and over the objections of House Republicans, the House of Representatives voted to approve the Senate version of the health care reform bill without changes on 21 March 2010. The bill passed without a single Republican voting in favor. Obama signed the bill into law on 23 March 2010. The House also approved a smaller bill, which included "fixes" to various sections of the Senate version of the health care reform bill. The Senate approved this bill, again without a single Republican vote in favor. Because it was changed slightly by the Senate, it had to go back to the House for final approval. The House approved the Senate version, and Obama signed the bill into law on 30 March.
The new legislation, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), ushered in major changes to the American health care system. Insurers will be banned from refusing or dropping clients due to preexisting medical conditions, and an estimated 30 million currently uninsured Americans will eventually have medical insurance and access to quality health care. Many elements of the law will not take effect until 2014; however, the law received its first major political challenge in August 2010, when 71 percent of voters in the state of Missouri cast their ballots in favor of a state measure barring the federal government from requiring people to buy health insurance or penalizing those who do not buy health insurance. The requirement for nearly all Americans to carry health insurance is a key feature of the reform law. The Missouri vote, while indicative of the unpopularity of the U.S. health care law, may have little practical effect.
Sierra Leone introduced a free health care plan for pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and children under the age of 5 in April 2010. The country undertook the plan to combat its extremely high mother and infant mortality rates. The program's organizers hope it will save at least a million lives. Sierra Leone is one of the world's poorest countries; its free health care program is funded mostly by the United Nations and United Kingdom. Skeptics worry that the program will come to a quick halt once donor funding runs out. There is also concern that Sierra Leone lacks the basic infrastructure—including passable roads—to make it possible to provide health care to the country's rural population.
A report entitled "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the U.S.: 2009" released by the United States Census Bureau in September 2010 revealed that the number of Americans without health insurance rose from 15.4 percent to 16.7 percent in 2009. The newly uninsured are mostly citizens who have lost their employer-provided coverage. Though the United States enacted healthcare reform designed to provide coverage for all Americans in 2009, much of the new law does not take effect until 2014.
In December 2010, a federal judge in Virginia ruled that a key part of the U.S. healthcare reform law enacted in March was unconstitutional. Specifically, Judge Henry E. Hudson ruled that the individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance violated the Constitution. Two judges in other states, however, have determined that the individual mandate does not violate the Constitution. Meanwhile, after winning a comfortable majority in the lower house of Congress in November 2010 elections, Republican opponents of the new U.S. healthcare law made it their first order of business upon taking their posts in January 2011 to vote in favor of repealing the law. Repealing "Obamacare," as PPACA is disparagingly termed by opponents, was a campaign promise of many conservative candidates; however, because the Senate is still controlled by Democrats and because Obama wields veto power, actual repeal of the law is unlikely at present.
In January 2011, the U.S. House of Representatives voted largely along partisan lines, 245-189, to repeal PPACA; however, the Senate voted down the repeal in February, 47-51.
On 31 January 2011, a federal judge in Florida voided the healthcare reform law in its entirety. U.S. District Judge Roger Vinson found that the individual mandate was unconstitutional and that it was not severable from the rest of the law. The most important legal challenge to the law to date was initially filed by twenty states, led by Florida, and later joined by an additional six states after the November 2010 elections. On 4 May 2011, twenty-six states jointly filed a brief with the Eleventh U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, located in Atlanta, Georgia, urging the court to uphold Vinson's ruling.
On 25 April, the U.S. Supreme Court declined a request by the state of Virginia to expedite its lawsuit challenging the health care law, meaning that the lawsuit would have to proceed through the usual channels. The suit was later heard before the Fourth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals in Richmond, which, on 8 September, unanimously overruled the lower court's ruling that the health care law was unconstitutional. In the Sixth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals in Cincinnati, on 29 June, judges ruled 2 to 1 that PPACA was constitutional.
The biggest legal blow to Obama's health care legislation was handed down on 12 August by the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, which affirmed Judge Vinson's ruling that requiring individuals to purchase health insurance (the individual mandate) was unconstitutional. The different decisions at the federal appellate level made it almost a certainty that PPACA would be reviewed by the United States Supreme Court during its 2011-2012 calendar. On 28 September, the Justice Department formally requested that the Supreme Court uphold the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. On 19 December, the U.S. Supreme Court announce that it had set aside three days, beginning on 26 March 2012, to hear oral arguments on the act. On 23 December 2011, Governor Scott Walker ordered the state of Wisconsin to stop any further planning for implementation of the act until after the Supreme Court makes its ruling.
COPYRIGHT 2012 Gale, Cengage Learning
Source Citation
"Access to Health Care." Global Issues in Context Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Global Issues In Context. Web. 11 Feb. 2012.
Document URL
http://find.galegroup.com/gic/infomark.do?&source=gale&idigest=ac20e7c2fde4e57ad1d2ab342ff4f0f7&prodId=GIC&userGroupName=kitc10262&tabID=&docId=CP3208520075&&contentSet=GREF&version=1.0 Gale Document Number: CP3208520075
Access to health care
By: Global Issues in Context Online Collection
Having a good worldwide access to health care is very important for our society, and is the number one way to give our patients free, clean, and excellent health care. The problem in having access to a free and clean health care is that poorer or developing countries need to put in a certain amount of money, and countries that can’t get access to health care get help from the UN (United Nations). Many regions around the world experience problems due to citizens not having a health insurance, and have to pay from their own pockets. In poorer countries they don’t have good health services due to the fact that there’s less doctors available, because the education system is very low. The united states spend the most amount of money on health care than any other country in the world. Health programs are being created around the world for the different age groups, and providing more health insurance (especially in poorer areas). A campaign promise occurred in America of health care change (medical conditions) called PPACA which stands for Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, giving health insurance to citizens who don’t have one.
Global Issues in Context Online Collection, 2012.
Child labor is a term used by international humanitarian organizations to connote work done by persons under the age of adulthood (eighteen in many countries) that is abusive, exploitive, hazardous, or otherwise harmful to them. It is important to note, however, that in many societies it is customary for children to work in family businesses, in the home, on family or local farms, and in other ways that are perceived as benign or even beneficial to the child's development.
For over a century, global efforts have aimed to prohibit exploitative and harmful child labor. Despite these efforts, in 2008 millions of children from ages five to seventeen continued to work in factories, carpet-weaving centers, farms, fishing platforms, sweatshops, leather-tanning shops, mines, and domestic service. Many toiled in appalling conditions, performing dangerous jobs with little or no pay, sometimes suffering severe physical and emotional abuse. In the worst cases, child laborers were subjected to sexual abuse or they were recruited as soldiers in life-threatening conflict situations.
The main cause of child labor is extreme poverty that necessitates a child's contribution to his or her family's survival. Incidents of child labor are much higher in developing countries and within impoverished regions of industrial countries. Experts point out that effective policies to combat child labor must present poor families with economic opportunities that end their reliance on child labor.
Though children have worked since ancient times, the modern movement against child labor started in the Industrial Revolution in England in the late eighteenth century, in protest of the use of young children to work in mills, factories, and mines. The movement spread to other parts of Europe and the United States. In the early nineteenth century, the International Labor Organization (ILO), an agency that later became part of the United Nations (UN), took up the campaign against child labor, initially trying to secure international agreements on a minimum working age for children. In 1966 child labor was first specifically mentioned in a UN human rights treaty, the International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), which required member states to criminalize employment of children under conditions “harmful to their morals or health.”
In a major advance in the movement, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989 stipulated that “in all actions concerning children…the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration” and that children have a right to protection “from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development.” The 1989 convention drew massive international political support for children's rights. In 1992 the ILO developed the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), which became the largest global anti-child labor program, with thirty funding countries and eighty-six program countries in 2008.
In 1999, the ILO held the Convention Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor, seeking to end practices such as the trafficking or sale of children, child prostitution, and work harmful to the health of children. The convention proved to be the greatest success in the history of the organization, with more than 130 states ratifying the treaty in three and a half years.
During the 1990s, global efforts, boycotts, and the media began to draw public attention to companies that exploit children. In 2000, the UN launched a program, Global Compact, to work directly with companies to help them change policies to protect children. Some large companies, particularly in the European Union (EU) and the United States, stepped up inspection processes in overseas plants to ensure that child labor was not involved in their products. The United States and the EU also developed a so-called General System of Preferences granting trade benefits to countries that live up to certain labor standards.
Significant progress in reducing child labor worldwide was noted in the first decade of the twenty-first century. According to a 2008 ILO report, there were 218 million children engaged in child labor in 2004, with 126 million of them engaged in hazardous labor. By 2008, the number of child laborers throughout the world had decreased by about 11 percent and the number of children engaged in hazardous work had fallen by 26 percent. Progress was highest in Latin America and the Caribbean and lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where an estimated 10 percent of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS were heads of households who supported their siblings. The ILO revealed in June 2009 that in Zambia, 48 percent of children age seven to fourteen were working instead of going to school.
The developed world is not immune to child labor scandals. In Iowa, Agriprocessors slaughterhouse manager Sholom Rubashkin was charged with eighty-three misdemeanor child labor charges after a 2008 raid revealed most of the workers at the plant were minors. Prosecutors claimed that the children worked with dangerous chemicals and near high-powered machinery. Closing arguments in Rubashkin's trial began on 2 June 2010. On 27 June he was sentenced to twenty-seven years in prison.
An annual report released by the U.S. Department of Labor in December 2010 showed that forced child labor remains rampant in India. Most of the children involved work in agriculture and manufacturing. The British risk management organization Maplecroft also released its 2011 report on child labor in December. Its findings supported the Department of Labor report, noting that 215 million children around the world worked. Maplecroft ranked countries using a "Child Labor Index." Bangladesh, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Liberia, Myanmar, Somalia, Sudan, and Zimbabwe were tied for the lowest rankings.
American electronics manufacturer Apple has found itself at the center of controversy several times in recent years over possible unsafe working conditions and child labor in its Chinese manufacturing facilities. In January 2012, the New York Times published a series of articles revealing that even though Apple monitors its Chinese facilities, illegal, unethical, or unsafe conditions remain common. Apple began monitoring its Chinese suppliers in 2007. Apple's most recent report of its internal audits showed that, although child labor remained a problem, it had been curtailed significantly and was generally unintentional.
COPYRIGHT 2012 Gale, Cengage Learning
Source Citation
"Child Labor." Global Issues in Context Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Global Issues In Context. Web. 11 Feb. 2012.
Document URL
http://find.galegroup.com/gic/infomark.do?&source=gale&idigest=ac20e7c2fde4e57ad1d2ab342ff4f0f7&prodId=GIC&userGroupName=kitc10262&tabID=&docId=CP3208520021&&contentSet=GREF&version=1.0
Gale Document Number: CP3208520021
CHILD LABOUR
By: Global Issues in Context Online Collection
Child labour is the dangerous and harmful jobs being done on kids. Students around the world with low pay, and under the age of 18 (mostly in undeveloped countries). The main reason to child labour is poverty; due to kids who support their families and work at the same time (especially being an only child). In 1966, child labour was given the human rights treaty from UN (United Nations). In 1989 the convention started a political group to support children around the world. By 2008, the amount of child labour had dropped by 11%, yet many kids worked instead of going to school. Many individuals who continue child labour have been charged, due to kids working with dangerous chemicals.
Name: Hosai Sadiq
Sports and Racism
Global Issues in Context Online Collection, 2012.
Racism and anti-Semitism in sports often reflect the racism that exists in larger society. Historically, many segregated societies have segregated their sporting events. As societies began racial desegregation, their sporting teams and major sporting events became more integrated, with many of the same kinds of transitional problems that occurred with other types of racial integration.
One of the most notorious examples of racism in an international sporting event occurred in the 1936 Olympics, which were held in Berlin, Germany, in the Nazi era. German Chancellor Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) hoped that the Olympic events would display the superiority of the Aryan race—that is, he hoped that the white athletes would greatly surpass athletes of other racial or ethnic backgrounds. When black American track and field athlete Jesse Owens (1913–1980) won four gold medals, a stunned Hitler angrily left the stadium. German fans, however, received Owens well and cheered his accomplishments.
In the past half century, there has been greater racial integration in sports, but there have also been ongoing racist incidents at sporting events. In the early years of the twenty-first century, racist incidents in soccer have attracted international attention. In November 2004, black English national team players faced racial taunts from Spanish fans during a soccer game between the national teams of England and Spain. In February 2005, supporters of the Spanish soccer team Real Zaragoza hurled offensive racial insults onto the field every time Cameroonian soccer player Samuel Eto'o, who then played for Futbol Club (F.C.) Barcelona, touched the ball. Eto'o's teammates convinced him not to walk off the field.
In November 2005, fans of Italian soccer club Inter Milan subjected black F.C. Messina Peloro player Marc Zoro, a native of the Ivory Coast, to racist chants. Moro started to leave the field and broke into tears as players from both teams consoled him. The other players convinced him to continue playing. After the incident, the Italian soccer league ordered its players to observe a five minute anti-racism delay before the start of games the next week.
Following several high-profile incidents, racism in cricket has also become an issue in recent years. In December 2005, fans at a cricket test match in Australia hurled apartheid-era racial slurs at members of the South African cricket team. Indian cricket fans taunted black Australian cricketer Andrew Symonds in 2007. In 2008, a referee gave Indian cricketer Harbhajan Singh a three-day ban, which was later overturned, after he allegedly used a racial epithet against Symonds during a test match.
Controversy followed a racist incident at a Formula One auto racing event in Spain in 2008. During practice sessions, several spectators chanted racist remarks at black British driver Lewis Hamilton while dressed in black face and Afro wigs. Track officials warned the spectators not to behave in such a manner, and the Spanish racing league stated that it would not tolerate racist incidents. Formula One's governing body, the International Automobile Federation (IAF), did not feel that the Spanish officials had gone far enough to discourage racist behavior. The IAF threatened sanctions against the Spanish racing league, including the possibility of stripping Spain of its two Grand Prix races.
Anti-Semitism has plagued sports in Poland, Germany, Italy, Hungary, and Britain. Anti-Semitism at Polish soccer games had become such an issue that Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the international body governing soccer, called on the Polish league to address the issue. Anti-Semitism at soccer games in both Poland and Germany appear to be closely linked to neo-Nazism or other far right-wing movements. In February 2006, Italian soccer team A.S. Roma was forced to play in a closed, neutral stadium after fans displayed Nazi symbols during an earlier game.
Sports leagues and governing bodies have taken steps to combat racism. Football against Racism in Europe (FARE) was founded in 1999 to combat the rise of racist incidents at soccer games and in the larger community. FIFA, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), and the European Commission have endorsed FARE's efforts.
Laurent Blanc, head coach of the French national soccer team, was embroiled in a racism controversy in 2010 and 2011 when it was revealed that he had participated in a November 2010 discussion amongst coaches regarding the idea of limiting the number of black or Arab players admitted to national soccer training centers, which feed into the French professional teams. The social status of people of North African descent in France is a sensitive issue. France has been criticized for marginalizing its North African population. The French Football Federation launched an investigation into Blanc's actions, and cleared him of any impropriety. Blanc insisted his consideration of quotas was meant to address what he considered the problem of players with dual nationality being trained in France and then playing for non-French teams.
Germans were uncomfortably reminded of their country's dark history of sports and racism in June 2011 when members at a national meeting of a student dueling society in Munich voted to expel the Mannheim chapter of the society for allowing a person of Chinese descent to join. Under the rules of the society, members must be of the "German people." Though the person in question is a German citizen who has served in the German army, he was considered insufficiently German based on his parentage and "non-European facial and bodily characteristics." Germany's dueling clubs, or Burschenschaften, claim about 1,300 members in 100 chapters nationwide. Dueling as a sport was a mark of high socioeconomic status in Germany and Austria in the early twentieth century.
FIFA was beset by a racism row in the days following 16 November, when its president, Sepp Blatter, commented in television interviews that racism on the soccer pitch could be settled with a handshake and easily forgotten. Multiple players and coaches called for Blatter's resignation. Blatter had made multiple controversial statements in earlier weeks concerning homosexuals and women.
COPYRIGHT 2012 Gale, Cengage Learning
Source Citation
"Sports and Racism." Global Issues in Context Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Global Issues In Context. Web. 11 Feb. 2012.
Document URL
http://find.galegroup.com/gic/infomark.do?&source=gale&idigest=ac20e7c2fde4e57ad1d2ab342ff4f0f7&prodId=GIC&userGroupName=kitc10262&tabID=&docId=CP3208520087&&contentSet=GREF&version=1.0
Gale Document Number: CP3208520087
Sport and racism
By: Global Issues in Context Online Collection
Racism in sports occurs internationally that requires a large society. Racism in sports has started historically. Many different sports have experienced several type of racism on the field with the opposite teams during the games. On November 2005, some teams began to give a 5 minute anti-Semitism before starting a game. Anti-Semitism has been a huge problem in sports, mostly a big issue in soccer, because soccer is an international sport, where many fights also occur. Society has a big part in racism when becoming a fan of a game, due to people calling out names, and cheering for one team or an individual only. The government has included that the only way to get rid of racism in sports is to have the teams shack hands at the end of every game.
Name: Hosai Sadiq
Access to Health Care
Global Issues in Context Online Collection, 2012.
Health professionals worldwide agree that timely access to quality health care plays a key role in maintaining and improving health. Quality health care relies on a network that includes health-care institutions (hospitals, clinics, health centers), trained health-care personnel (doctors, nurses, pharmacists, paramedics, and other professionals), information systems, education systems, administrative and management structures, and financing that together add up to the health care that is delivered directly to a patient.
Access to health-care services is a key issue in every nation in the world. For a nation's population to have adequate access, a significant amount of money must be invested in health care, whether privately by the individual and his or her medical insurance, or publicly through national health programs sponsored by governments. In very poor regions of developing, or poorer nations, expenditure on health may be so low that there is not sufficient access to health care. In those cases, nongovernmental groups and United Nations (UN) agencies frequently step in to try to ease some of the desperate health needs that arise from poverty. Even in developed nations, however, people at lower socioeconomic levels may lack adequate access to health care.
The United States has the highest per-capita expenditure on health care services and the highest proportion of gross domestic product devoted to health care in the world, but it is unique among industrialized nations because it lacks a national health insurance program. Public insurance in the nation exists only for the aged, disabled, and a certain segment of the very poor under Medicare and Medicaid. A large segment of the U.S. population relies on private health insurance, which is either purchased by their employer or by themselves, directly. But many U.S. citizens are not insured. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), which tracks medical benefit statistics, estimated that in 2003 about 45 million Americans lacked health insurance and had to pay for costly medical expenses out of pocket. Germany and the Netherlands are two more industrialized nations that do not provide universal health care to their citizens.
Many industrialized nations have national health insurance systems. Most national health care plans guarantee minimal national health insurance to all citizens, though some provide insurance only to people with low incomes. Many countries that provide national health insurance allow citizens to purchase supplemental private insurance. Countries that have national health insurance plans include Australia, Japan, China, Cuba, Sweden, Russia, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Sri Lanka, Chile, Thailand, and Canada. Canada's system is acclaimed for it effectiveness in affording health care access to all, and has been successful in keeping the population healthy, though critics say the quality of health care under a national health care program is diminished. Cuba, a developing nation, adopted a national health care system in the mid–1970s with the revised Cuban constitution, which guarantees everyone the right to health care. The country's population enjoys greater health than many nations of similar or higher economic status.
While some developing nations devote considerable funding to health care, some of the world's poorest nations do not have functioning public health care systems. In the poorer nations, people living in remote rural areas are often deprived of all routine health services simply because health care facilities are too far away to serve them. Lacking sufficient numbers of trained medical personnel, many clinics in poor regions are overburdened. Inadequate public infrastructure, like decent roads and transportation, hinder the delivery of necessary supplies of medicine and make the efforts of international organizations to deliver medical assistance extremely difficult. Further, educational programs that could help people protect themselves from epidemics, or understand when they need treatment, are often lacking in developing countries. Studies have shown that even in areas that spend less on health care, education programs can raise the standards of general health.
Access to health care in developing nations could ease the burden of widespread epidemics that take a huge social, political, and human toll. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has so decimated the adult population, including the ranks of skilled health workers, in many African countries such as Malawi and South Africa that the industrialized nations have set aside billions of dollars to provide free antiretroviral drugs and to build a basic primary care infrastructure in order to administer the drugs in these countries. Such has been the lack of health workers and medical facilities in many developing regions that Western pharmaceutical firms wishing to distribute these antiretroviral drugs have had to build primary care clinics and hire or train health workers so that the free antiretroviral therapies could be provided to patients who previously had no access to primary care at all. Thus the devastating HIV/AIDS epidemic has, in some cases, had the paradoxical effect of stimulating the development of health care systems in poor regions where none had ever existed before.
The United States spends significantly more per capita on health care than any other country (more than $7,000 per year in 2006, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services), yet the United States ranks 27th in terms of life expectancy. Cuba, which spends a fraction of what the United States spends per capita on health care ($251 per year in 2006, according to the United Nations Human Development Report), ranks 28th in terms of life expectancy. Faced with this and many other indicators that its health care system was not working, the United States government tried again to craft an economical system of universal health care coverage in 2009. The administration of President Bill Clinton (1946–) had tried to push for universal health care in 1993 and 1994, but the effort failed in the face of political differences and opposition from the health care industry. President Barack Obama (1961–) declared the spiraling cost of health care in the United States a major economic problem, and took up the cause of health care reform during 2009, his first year in office.
By December 2009, both the House of Representatives and the Senate had approved versions of a health care reform bill. In order to advance the bill, the House had to approve the Senate version, which had provisions to which many Democrats in the House objected. Health care reform appeared to have reached an impasse by January 2010. However, Obama pushed Democratic Congressional leaders to compromise and made a series of public appearances in February and March 2010 in an effort to revive flagging public support for health care reform. After strenuous negotiation among House Democrats and over the objections of House Republicans, the House of Representatives voted to approve the Senate version of the health care reform bill without changes on 21 March 2010. The bill passed without a single Republican voting in favor. Obama signed the bill into law on 23 March 2010. The House also approved a smaller bill, which included "fixes" to various sections of the Senate version of the health care reform bill. The Senate approved this bill, again without a single Republican vote in favor. Because it was changed slightly by the Senate, it had to go back to the House for final approval. The House approved the Senate version, and Obama signed the bill into law on 30 March.
The new legislation, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), ushered in major changes to the American health care system. Insurers will be banned from refusing or dropping clients due to preexisting medical conditions, and an estimated 30 million currently uninsured Americans will eventually have medical insurance and access to quality health care. Many elements of the law will not take effect until 2014; however, the law received its first major political challenge in August 2010, when 71 percent of voters in the state of Missouri cast their ballots in favor of a state measure barring the federal government from requiring people to buy health insurance or penalizing those who do not buy health insurance. The requirement for nearly all Americans to carry health insurance is a key feature of the reform law. The Missouri vote, while indicative of the unpopularity of the U.S. health care law, may have little practical effect.
Sierra Leone introduced a free health care plan for pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and children under the age of 5 in April 2010. The country undertook the plan to combat its extremely high mother and infant mortality rates. The program's organizers hope it will save at least a million lives. Sierra Leone is one of the world's poorest countries; its free health care program is funded mostly by the United Nations and United Kingdom. Skeptics worry that the program will come to a quick halt once donor funding runs out. There is also concern that Sierra Leone lacks the basic infrastructure—including passable roads—to make it possible to provide health care to the country's rural population.
A report entitled "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the U.S.: 2009" released by the United States Census Bureau in September 2010 revealed that the number of Americans without health insurance rose from 15.4 percent to 16.7 percent in 2009. The newly uninsured are mostly citizens who have lost their employer-provided coverage. Though the United States enacted healthcare reform designed to provide coverage for all Americans in 2009, much of the new law does not take effect until 2014.
In December 2010, a federal judge in Virginia ruled that a key part of the U.S. healthcare reform law enacted in March was unconstitutional. Specifically, Judge Henry E. Hudson ruled that the individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance violated the Constitution. Two judges in other states, however, have determined that the individual mandate does not violate the Constitution. Meanwhile, after winning a comfortable majority in the lower house of Congress in November 2010 elections, Republican opponents of the new U.S. healthcare law made it their first order of business upon taking their posts in January 2011 to vote in favor of repealing the law. Repealing "Obamacare," as PPACA is disparagingly termed by opponents, was a campaign promise of many conservative candidates; however, because the Senate is still controlled by Democrats and because Obama wields veto power, actual repeal of the law is unlikely at present.
In January 2011, the U.S. House of Representatives voted largely along partisan lines, 245-189, to repeal PPACA; however, the Senate voted down the repeal in February, 47-51.
On 31 January 2011, a federal judge in Florida voided the healthcare reform law in its entirety. U.S. District Judge Roger Vinson found that the individual mandate was unconstitutional and that it was not severable from the rest of the law. The most important legal challenge to the law to date was initially filed by twenty states, led by Florida, and later joined by an additional six states after the November 2010 elections. On 4 May 2011, twenty-six states jointly filed a brief with the Eleventh U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, located in Atlanta, Georgia, urging the court to uphold Vinson's ruling.
On 25 April, the U.S. Supreme Court declined a request by the state of Virginia to expedite its lawsuit challenging the health care law, meaning that the lawsuit would have to proceed through the usual channels. The suit was later heard before the Fourth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals in Richmond, which, on 8 September, unanimously overruled the lower court's ruling that the health care law was unconstitutional. In the Sixth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals in Cincinnati, on 29 June, judges ruled 2 to 1 that PPACA was constitutional.
The biggest legal blow to Obama's health care legislation was handed down on 12 August by the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, which affirmed Judge Vinson's ruling that requiring individuals to purchase health insurance (the individual mandate) was unconstitutional. The different decisions at the federal appellate level made it almost a certainty that PPACA would be reviewed by the United States Supreme Court during its 2011-2012 calendar. On 28 September, the Justice Department formally requested that the Supreme Court uphold the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. On 19 December, the U.S. Supreme Court announce that it had set aside three days, beginning on 26 March 2012, to hear oral arguments on the act. On 23 December 2011, Governor Scott Walker ordered the state of Wisconsin to stop any further planning for implementation of the act until after the Supreme Court makes its ruling.
COPYRIGHT 2012 Gale, Cengage Learning
Source Citation
"Access to Health Care." Global Issues in Context Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Global Issues In Context. Web. 11 Feb. 2012.
Document URL
http://find.galegroup.com/gic/infomark.do?&source=gale&idigest=ac20e7c2fde4e57ad1d2ab342ff4f0f7&prodId=GIC&userGroupName=kitc10262&tabID=&docId=CP3208520075&&contentSet=GREF&version=1.0 Gale Document Number: CP3208520075
Access to health care
By: Global Issues in Context Online Collection
Having a good worldwide access to health care is very important for our society, and is the number one way to give our patients free, clean, and excellent health care. The problem in having access to a free and clean health care is that poorer or developing countries need to put in a certain amount of money, and countries that can’t get access to health care get help from the UN (United Nations). Many regions around the world experience problems due to citizens not having a health insurance, and have to pay from their own pockets. In poorer countries they don’t have good health services due to the fact that there’s less doctors available, because the education system is very low. The united states spend the most amount of money on health care than any other country in the world. Health programs are being created around the world for the different age groups, and providing more health insurance (especially in poorer areas). A campaign promise occurred in America of health care change (medical conditions) called PPACA which stands for Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, giving health insurance to citizens who don’t have one.